Metabolism

Glycemia/lipids/inflammation

Weight/fat/insulin

ALA↑ EPA↑

DHA↓ glucose↓

Weight↓ lipids↓

Homocysteine↓, B6↑

Folate/methylation↑, homocysteine↓

Zinc↓ ALT/GGT, waist

Phytate↓ zinc absorption

Alanine↓ ketogenesis↑

Glucose/urea↑ alanine↓

ALT↓ liver metabolism

Amino acids ↑/↓ metabolism

Liver lipids/glucose ↓

Metabolic clearance: 68%↓

Buffering: HCO3-/pH↑

AA↓/EPA↑ lipids

TG↓ HDL↑

Alkali↑ citrate/pH

K↓ calciuria

AA uptake↑ / glucose↔

L-Arg/Leu metabolism↑

Liver fat↓ insulin↑

HDL↑ TG↓ LDL↓

Glucose↑ insulin resistance↓

Phenylalanine↓ fat oxidation↑

Protein balance↑ Phe flux↓

thyroid: TG↑ fT3↓

iodine status: UIC↑ Tg↓

Nerve pain +39%

Insulin resistance -48%

Liver enzymes -71%

Insulin resistance ↓

Glycemia/lipids ↓

↓HOMA-IR, ↓glucose

↑insulin, ↑GLP-1

LDL/TG ↓

Glucose ↓ +10%

Methylation/homocysteine: -29%

Fatty liver/oxidation

Glycemia/insulin ↓

Lipids/body fat ↓

Inflammation ↓

Metabolism: glucose↓, insulin↑

Metabolism: arginine↓/fat↓

Metabolism: fatty liver↓

Lipid lowering: LDL/TC ↓

Glucose lowering: GI/AUC ↓

Inflammation/barrier: IL-6/TAG ↓

Fat loss/waist −

Glucose/insulin shift +

Lysine metabolism changes

↑ Butyrate, glucose

↓ HbA1c / insulin

Glucose/IR ↓

Lipids/Weight ↓

Liver enzymes ↓

Lipids/Glucose ↓

Liver fat/ALT ↓

Insulin resistance ↓

Insulin/glucose ↓

Lipids/BP ↓

Metabolism +Mg

Glucose/insulin control

−20% infections

Fat/lipolysis ↓

Lipids ↓; HDL↑

Glucose/insulin ↓; HbA1c↓

Fat mobilization +ketones

Carbs→fat shift +21%

Insulin resistance −0.6 HOMA

Glucose/insulin ↓

Weight/lipids ↓

Lipids ↑ with methionine

Homocysteine ↑; vessel function ↓

Methionine restriction: fat loss

Metabolism +6.9–57%

Lipids/glucose −41%

+7 mmHg? no

Serine/glycine metabolism

Lipid/BCAA shifts

Glucose/insulin ↓

Liver fat/IR ↓

Folate/tHcy shift

Riboflavin status +83%

Betaine↑, Hcy↓

Betaine ↔ glucose

Copper uptake ↓

Liver copper ↓

+20% absorption

Carnosine: +37–47%

Insulin resistance: −1.09

ImP: −39.9%

Glucose/insulin: -14%

BCAA/isoleucine: ↓

BP: -4 mmHg

↓ glucose/IR

↓ weight/lipids

Homocysteine ↓ betaine

Body fat ↓

Lipids: LDL↓ 8–10%

Insulin/glucose: mixed↑↓

Blood pressure: ~4–7 mmHg↓

Vitamin K lowers glucose/insulin

Vitamin K lowers inflammation

Glucose↓, HOMA-IR↓

Lipids↓, TG−15%

Fat burning ↑

Glucose/weight ↓

EE +3-15%

Polyamine depletion: -60.8%

Tumor prevention: -70%

Thiamine status +2.6x

Glucose/insulin −11%

B1 status ↑

Metabolism markers ↓

Metabolism: glucose/insulin ↓

Metabolism: lipids/fat ↓

Liver enzymes↓ TAC↑

Lipids/glucose↓ inflammation↓

Fat oxidation + EE

CYP1A2 metabolism -32%

AUC/clearance changes

B-vitamin/homocysteine ↓

Weight/lipids/inflammation ↓

Weight/lipids ↓

Glucose/insulin ↓

Glucose/insulin ↓, fiber + fermentation

LDL/total cholesterol ↓ ~10-15%

Weight/insulin ↓

Lipids/LPS ↓

Lipids/glucose ↓

Weight/IR ↓

↑EE/fat oxidation

+10% fat oxidation

Weight loss +3.4 kg

Metabolic rate +10.7%

Body fat -6%

Glucose/insulin control

Nitrogen balance + survival

Lower glucose/insulin

Lipid & liver benefits

Glucose/IR improved −27%

Lipids/fat mass down

Glucose↓ insulin sensitivity↑

HbA1c↓ lipids↓

TG↓ VO2↓

Metabolic health: weight/glucose/lipids

Inflammation & liver fat

Lipids/fat oxidation

+45% MFO

Insulin/androgens/adipokines

Glucose/insulin ↓, HOMA-IR ↓

Lipids ↓, HDL ↑

Lipids ↓, glucose ↓

Weight/BP ↓, lipids ↓

Acidosis buffer: +32%, -23%

Glucose control: -1.6 mmol/L

Exercise capacity: +23% TTE

Lipids: LDL/TC −4%

Glycemia: GI/glucose ↓

Liver lipids ↓

Inflammation markers ↓

Lipids ↓ TG -20%

Glucose/insulin ↓ -13.6%

Lipids/waist improved

NASH histology/enzymes improved

Lipids/liver enzymes -28 ALT

Glucose/insulin resistance

Higher energy use; +12%

More lean mass; +6%

Less fat synthesis

Liver fat −11.2%

Lipids/glucose ↓

Lipids/adiponectin

+HDL -TG

Glucose/insulin resistance

Glucose/insulin spikes

−50% iAUC

Fasting glucose/HbA1c

Glucose control -15%

Insulin secretion +577.9

Glucose uptake ↓

LDL/sterols ↓

Lipid lowering: TC/LDL/TG

Insulin/glucose improved; weight ↓

Glucose/insulin ↓, 57%

Satiety/GLP-1 ↑

HbA1c ↓ 0.12%

BMI, insulin ↓

TG, MDA ↓

Glucose, insulin shifts

Nitrogen partitioning changes

Carnitine shifts fuel use

+30 mtDNA / flexibility

Insulin/ammonia improved

Weight/fat ↓; glucose/IR ↓

+4% cycling performance

Biotin turnover +69%

Blood biotin +51%

Triglycerides/VLDL ↓

Carboxylases ↑ biotin status

Lipids ↓ ~0.5-0.9

Growth/FPD improved

Lipids down, TBARS −29.3%

Endothelial function, nitric oxide

Glucose control −34%

Weight/fat loss −4.5kg

Lipids ↓LDL −8%

Liver fat/ALT/HOMA-IR ↓

Weight/TG/insulin ↓

Lipids, glucose −22%

Weight/fat loss ~4kg

Fat oxidation +RQ↓

Thermogenesis/BAT +5%

Catecholamines/lactate↑

Glucose/liver improved

Fat loss

Metabolism: ↑ ketones, ↑ fat oxidation

Metabolism: ↓ TG, better balance

Fat oxidation +23-28%

Glucose/lipids -25 mg/dL

Insulin resistance +26.7%

HbA1c −1.2%

Lactate/ammonia ↓

SAM/methylation preserved

Homocysteine shifted

Lipid lowering: TG/LDL

Glycemia: HbA1c↓

TG -10.9%

NAD boost; glycemia/insulin

Metabolic markers; weight/BP

Glucose ↓2 mg/dL

VAT −14.1%

ATP synthesis ↑

Glucose/fat shift

Lipid lowering −34% TG

Oxidative stress/LDL ↓21%

Glucose/body fat modest

Body fat/lipids ↓

Post-meal glucose ↓

Urine metabolites ↑

Fat loss/liver fat -4.89%

LDL/genes up-down

Iron transport -DMT1

Weight/waist −5kg

Glucose/lipids ↓

Cholesterol lowering (-49 mg/dL)

Insulin/glucose improvement

Blood pressure drop (-10 mmHg)

Lipids −10%

Glucose/inflammation down

Lower HOMA-IR, glucose

GLP-1/gut bacteria +SCFAs

Fasting glucose -0.2 mmol/L

↓Glucose/insulin (~8%)

↑Fat oxidation

B5 bioavailability, +18% ORAC

Transient antioxidant boost

Lipids down: LDL/TC

B5 up, eye AEs

Lower insulin/glucose -12.1%

Improved sensitivity/HbA1c

Weight/fat ↓, FFM ↑

Glucose/lipids/inflammation improved

Glucose/insulin ↓ -27%

Lipids/oxidative stress ↓ -15%

Weight/fat loss −7.4kg

Glucose/GLP-1 changes

Fat ox. +90.9 mg

+Ketones +10.5

Glucose control ↓; HbA1c

Lipids ↓; insulin resistance ↓

Urinary glucose −54%

Weight/waist ↓

Glucose/lipids improved

Weight/fat loss -11.4%

Satiety/CCK maintained

Weight regain -6.6kg

Lipids/BP improved

Weight/waist/CRP ↓

TG/DBP ↓

Lower glucose, LDL

↓ glucose, insulin resistance

Lipids/BMI ↓

Glucose/HbA1c ↓

Lower glucose, HbA1c

Reduced insulin resistance

Triglycerides −41.6 mg/dL

Glucose/BMI lower

Glycemic/insulin shift: −1.62% HbA1c

Blood/testosterone rise: +RBC, +T

Fat/volume ↓ +2.7kg

Adipose tissue ↓

Glucose control: -0.4% HbA1c

Weight/lipids: -3.4 kg

↓ weight, insulin resistance

↑ satiety, bowel freq

Faster growth, better efficiency

Days to market ↓

Mn absorption ↑2.3x

Fat/oxidation ↓, MnSOD ↑

Weight -1.7kg

Insulin resistance improved

Lipid lowering: -20–41%

Inflammation/homocysteine: -15–24%

↓ inflammation; glucose/insulin

fibrinogen, HOMA-IR ↓

eGFR preserved +1.9

spermidine/aguA up

Triglycerides -31%

Cholesterol, glucose down

Mitochondria +7.4s gait

Glucose/weight improved; remission 50%

Lower glucose/IR

Better vessel function

T3↑, T4↓

QoL similar; symptomatic↑

Fat oxidation +25–29%

Postprandial glucose/insulin ↓

PPEE +10%, waist -5.5cm

Postprandial glucose -7.86%

Insulin response, HDL up

↓ BP, ↓ HbA1c

↑ HDL, +6.3%

Metabolism ↑, fat ↓

+18.6% energy; -16.6 cm² visceral fat

Cholesterol/ApoB down

FMD unchanged

BMI ↓

Oxidative stress ↓

Sexual function ↑

BP/glucose/IR ↓

Weight/fat/LDL ↓

Lipids ↓12%

Oxidative markers ↓33%

ALT/AST down

Fibrosis -52%

↓ asprosin, MCP-1

↑ adiponectin +4.4

LAP -8.7; IL-6 blunted

Oral microbiota diversity shifted

Fat burn ↑

Stress hormones ↑

RMR ↑

Lipid lowering: TG -15%

Lower glucose/insulin AUC

Lower glucose, HbA1c

↓MAPK/PTP1B/NFκB expression

Weight −5.0 kg

GLP‑1↑, LDL↓

GSH restored, oxidative stress↓

Mitochondrial oxidation↑

HDL +24.5%

Triglycerides -28.1%; PYY +56.2%

Butyrate +17.4%

Insulin sensitivity, triglycerides down

Fat oxidation +13–24%

RER -0.02 to -0.03

Weight/glucose down

20-HETE↓ ~30%

Blood pressure unchanged

Insulin ↓; glucose ~same

LDL −6%; BP ↓4

Lipid shift, HDL +11%

Epigenetic/antioxidant boost

Liver fat −15.85%

Liver enzymes improved

Insulin resistance ↓36%

HDL-C ↑33%

Fat loss, +16.8% T

Higher free testosterone