Glutamine

Protein loss ↓

Infections ↓

Immune recovery +26.7%

Infections down 26%

T-cell markers up

Fewer infections, faster repair

Better nutrition, faster healing

Barrier↓, permeability↓

Inflammation↓, mucositis↓

Absorption↑, diarrhea↓

Absorption + permeability

-95% permeability; diarrhea

Gut barrier + immune

Reduced proteolysis, better nitrogen balance

+1.5 to +15 g N

Preserved/gained lean mass, weight +3 kg

Glucose/insulin control

−20% infections

Fat/lipolysis ↓

Stress proteins/immune +HSP70

Injury/infection markers −~30%

Metabolic support, survival +26.7pp

↑Gln, ↓catabolism

Protein gain, +25% Gln

Anabolism +N balance

Anti-catabolic, ~+10% glutamine

GSH/antioxidant ↑

Detox markers ↓

Reduced muscle breakdown

Improved recovery/strength

Glucose/insulin shifts

Cardio-recovery/lipolysis

Endurance: +21.6% VO2max

Endurance: +6MWD, stair-climb

Endurance: ammonia lower

Attention +47%

Cognition +r0.47

Gut fluid/salt absorption

Less edema/water retention

+3-fold absorption