Manganese

MnSOD ↑, MDA ↓

Oxidative stress ↓

Joint pain −27%

Exam score −43%

Kidney protection

+BUN/Cr, −AKI

Reduced neuropathy symptoms

CIPN reduced: 1.6 vs 2.3

Motor function worsened

+1.1% laying rate

better litter/hatchability

sperm integrity: dose-sensitive

Neuropathy ↓; OR 0.62

Motor signs/tremor ↑

AIMS response +46.2%

Spine BMD: +1.48%

Bone Mn: dose-dependent

Pain -27%

Exam/severity -43%

Absorption/retention +

Lesions/cholestasis +

Milk +3.3 kg/day

Immune markers ↑

Antibody/PBMC/IFN-γ ↑

Mn absorption ↑2.3x

Fat/oxidation ↓, MnSOD ↑

Laser downtime/erythema ↓

Mucositis 1.5d vs 19d

Downtime/erythema reduced

SOM 1.5d, −22%

Trace intake; no serum change

Growth +14.38%