Betaine

LDL-C ↑; betaine varies

Homocysteine ↓; betaine ↑

Betaine↑, Hcy↓

Betaine ↔ glucose

Betaine lowers Hcy

Betaine boosts methylation

Homocysteine −24%

CVD risk HR≈2.2

Methylation/cognition: −36% Hcy

Choline/betaine brain support

Homocysteine ↓ 10–24%

Betaine/choline ↑, Hcy ↓

B12/IGF-1 ↑

BMI/body fat ↓

Fat loss markers ↓

Liver enzymes ↓

Lower homocysteine 36%

Better memory, betaïne

Oxidative stress down

Inflammation↓ 40%

Healing/bacteria↓

Performance↑

Strength, lean mass +5.9%

Anabolic signaling, hormones

Strength/hypertrophy ↑

Endurance/performance ↑

Fat loss, lower enzymes

CAP/TE ↓, BMI ↓

BMI/body fat ↓

Lean mass ↑

Saliva flow, dryness −

Choline, fat absorption +

Gastric acid/absorption +

Less irritation, no acne change

AE −4.2 pp, no acne

Better mood/focus

+focus, no gains