Multivitamin

B-vitamin status ↑

Homocysteine ↓

Vitamin D ↑

Cognition +0.07 SD

Fractures/cataracts mixed

Mental health/QoL ↑

Anemia/immunity/body weight ↓

Immune cells +151

Infections −30%

Lower BP, fewer events

Homocysteine down, lipids up

Energy/fatigue: +17.2% energy

Sleep: +5.7%

BMD/fracture: +1.6%, -10%

Vitamin D/PTH: +33.4, -PTH

Memory +0.07 SD

Attention speed +8.5%

Anxiety/stress reduced

Less anxiety/stress

Mood +12.6

Nuclear cataract −34–44%

PSC cataract +100%

Cataract risk −13%

Recovery markers ↑

Anemia/diarrhea ↓

Iron/anemia improved

Attention/RT +0.07 SD

Alertness/fatigue improved

Executive function +0.06 SD

Stress/anxiety ↓

QoL/alertness ↑

Diarrhea risk -38%

Gut SCFAs up

Iron absorption up

B-vitamin/homocysteine ↓

Weight/lipids/inflammation ↓

Weight maintenance, +2.6

Lower wasting risk, 0.66

Weight/fat ↓

Stamina/alertness ↑

Texture: no change

Pigment: ↓ melanin

Carotenoids: +27%