Alanine

ALT/liver tests↓

Liver histology/viral clearance↑

Alanine↓ ketogenesis↑

Glucose/urea↑ alanine↓

ALT↓ liver metabolism

Alanine↓ glucose↓

Alanine↑ glucose↑

Ketosis shifts alanine

Protein synthesis/retention

Alanine transport/levels

Fatigue↓, energy↑

Ketosis/alanine shift

Work capacity↑, fatigue↓

Alanine oxidation +15%

Nitrogen balance improved

Alanine transport ↓30%

Amino acids +N balance

Protein accretion +lean mass

Muscle sparing +N balance

Carnosine/power gains

Lactate↓, alanine↑

Carnosine↑, fatigue↓

Endurance +24% TTE

Strength/lean mass gains

Glycogen sparing −19

Immune boost, infections ↓

Cytokines/ALT, +23% remission

Detox enzyme suppression

+80% metabolite reduction

Alanine ↓/↑ energy

Performance/fatigue +20%

Mood: ↓ depression

Mood: mixed; ↑ anxiety

Mucositis ↓14/20

Severity/duration ↓

Infections/complications ↓

↑ Alanine, satiety

-5.57% bodyweight, appetite

Wound infections, shorter stay

Hair density, less shedding

Hormone balance +alanine

Glucose/IGF-I shifts