Carnitine

Innervation +7% vs -14%

Exercise/ischaemia +45s, +25%

Mortality -11.3%

Sperm motility, +pregnancy

DNA damage, +pregnancy

Fatigue/QoL ↑

Muscle/survival ↑

Walking/ABI ↑

BP/artery flow ↑

Fat mobilization +ketones

Carbs→fat shift +21%

Insulin resistance −0.6 HOMA

Fatigue ↓

Exercise performance ↑

Ammonia/encephalopathy, +25%

Liver tests, survival

Improved endurance/walking +11-55%

Lower lactate, muscle damage

Endurance + walking

Fatigue + strength

Weight loss: +23.7% vs +19.6%

Fat/muscle shift

Metabolic support

Memory/attention +p<0.05

Fatigue/motor +p<0.001

Lower glucose, HOMA‑IR

+ glucose disposal

Cognition/frailty + MMSE

Inflammation/strength +38.9% mortality

Memory/attention +p<0.05

Fatigue/alertness +MMSE

+ammonia cognition EEG

Depression ↓

Mood/anxiety ↓

Fatigue ↓

↑Fat oxidation/ketones

↓Fat stores/glycogen

Less muscle damage

Better recovery +40%

Improved strength/lean mass

Carnitine uptake +21%

Fat use -55%

Cord uptake enriched