Inulin

More stools, softer

No bowel change

Bifido↑ SCFA↑

Barrier↓ LPS↓

Steatosis↓ inflammation↓

Anti-inflammatory, gut SCFA

Vaccine antibodies, +10–80%

Glucose/insulin ↓

Weight/lipids ↓

Lower glucose/HbA1c

Better insulin resistance

Lower post-meal spikes

Stool frequency +1/week

Gas fermentation increased

Stool softening, constipation relief

Weight loss −7.3%

Less food intake

Lower body fat

Cholesterol/LDL down

Inflammation down

BP/FMD improved

Satiety hormones, less intake

Hunger ↓; intake −10%

Ca absorption +8%

Vit D/markers

Isoflavones +38/+91%

LDL/TC down

TG down, HDL up

satiety ↑, intake ↓

reward response ↓