Potassium

K loss: diuresis

K loss: +0.7

K retention: +0.3

Diuresis/K+ shifts

BP↓,K+↓

K↓ arrhythmia risk

K↑ arrhythmia risk

BP ↓, K↑

BP ↑, K↓

Kaliuresis↑, K+↓

HyperK↓, proteinuria↓

BP ↓10-22 mmHg

Stone recurrence ↓36%

Alkali↑ citrate/pH

K↓ calciuria

Myocardial protection +GIK

Potassium balance +BP

Cell pump/oxidative stress

K+ loss, ECG changes

RBC oxidative damage, indices

K↓, glucose↓

insulin sensitivity↑, glucose↓

Muscle K+/pump changes

-48.5% pump

Acid suppression +93%

Bowel function / potassium

Diarrhea/ORS: stool -46%

↓ urine calcium, +BMD

+citrate, -acid load

K+ correction lowers cramps

+0.86 mmol/L

Less cramp pain

Energy: improved recovery

Fatigue: reduced exhaustion

K+ shifts, endurance

+17%, -12%

K+ balance/recovery

+24% fatigue

Force recovery -13%