Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Cognition/mood +

Pain/fatigue/function +

Mental fatigue -22.5

Cognition +3.4

Nerve recovery +7.0 m/s

Pain relief -39%

Functional improvement +6.0

Memory + cognition

Memory + ammonia

Memory/attention +

Fatigue/cognition +

Memory/attention +

Hepatic confusion/ammonia -

Stroke/function +

Fatigue/attention, +59%

Memory/executive, +0.84

Depression ↓; QoL ↑

Craving/anhedonia ↓; mood ↑

Fatigue/function improved

Performance/endurance +11%

Cognition +MMSE

Fatigue/Function -22.5

+6 ALSFRS-R

Carnitine shifts fuel use

+30 mtDNA / flexibility

Insulin/ammonia improved

Depression/mood: better

Fatigue/function: better

Less withdrawal, pain

Mood/cognition boost

Insulin resistance improved

Adiponectin up, regularity +84%

Faster metabolic recovery

Less fatigue, pain

~21% carnitine

Less fatigue, better sleep

MMSE +3.4

Autonomic support, +HRV

MIBG preservation, -14% loss