Phenylalanine

Phe/DA brain effects

Phe lowering in PKU

Phenylalanine↓ fat oxidation↑

Protein balance↑ Phe flux↓

Phe/DA shifts, worse mood

Phe↑ 77%; PRL↑, DA↓

Phe↓ 39%; mood↑

Phe↑ fatigue↑ -77%

Phe/Tyr depletion ↓ fatigue

Psychiatric + CD4

Phe/GI ±114

Motor/QoL gains

Phe↓/LNAA↑, clarity↑

Phe↑, clarity↓

Amino acids + insulin

MPS/NB +9-50%

Low Phe/Tyr: less motivation/confidence

High Phe: worse motivation/confidence

Alertness ↓, RT slower

Alertness ↑, RT faster

Attention: slower/worse

Dopamine: reduced focus

PLM ↓, sleep ↑

Melatonin phase shift

Lower Phe/Tyr, worse memory

Levodopa, better memory

P/T depletion: learning shifts

Levodopa: learning boosts

Lightening/depigmenting skin

+10–13%,−18–21%

Repigmenting vitiligo skin

↓ recall, ↑ anxiety

↑ mood, ↓ anxiety

↑ stress hormones, flux

L‑Phe ↓ intake ~31%

Whey/Phe ↑ satiety; ↓ hunger