Carnosine

Oxidative stress ↓

Cell membrane barrier ↑

DNA/AGE damage ↓

Brain speed +17.7%

Memory preservation

Executive gains

Oxidative stress ↓

Antioxidant capacity ↑

Redox markers improved

Acidosis buffer: +32%, -23%

Glucose control: -1.6 mmol/L

Exercise capacity: +23% TTE

Inflammation/oxidative stress ↓

Mucosal/immune protection ↑

Memory preserved

~10.7% faster

+24% endurance

Smoother skin roughness

Less dryness +89%

Better barrier/appearance

Fat-free mass +1.7%

Muscle oxidation markers ↓

Vision + glare better

IOP - improved retina

Skin roughness ↓

Vision/glare ↑

Vasodilation + BP↓

EF +8%

Better heart pump

↓ inflammation, BP

Stress resilience +10–24%

Mood/cognition benefit

Mood↓, no cognition

Mood↓; +response/remission

Mood↓; -8.86 Y-BOCS

Carnosine↑, fatigue↓

Power/endurance +2-14%

Carnosine↑, fatigue resistance↑

Peak power, sprints↑

Endurance threshold +13.9%

+6% sprint power