Vitamin B12

B12 status + homocysteine

Anemia/toxicity reduction +MMA

B12 intake/absorption changes

Hcy↓, vessel function↑

Hcy↓, plaque/events↓

B12 status +44%

Homocysteine/MMA ↓

Cognition/pain improved

Symptom relief, +33% nerve

Nerve function, B12↑ homocysteine↓

Pregnancy support: B12, folate

+23.8% pregnancies

Maternal status, lower anemia

Memory+executive

B12↑,Hcy↓

Brain atrophy↓40%

MS fatigue↓ 2-4w

B12 biomarkers↑, anemia↓

Exercise fatigue↓ +26%

Endurance: +25.8% time

Endurance: +36% motor

Endurance: +1.97 ALSFRS-R

Memory + B12/Hcy

Executive/short-term recall

Attention/memory: +0.35

Homocysteine↓; cognition↑

Immune markers + B12

Inflammation ↓, antibodies ↑

Mood balance: lower symptoms

Mood balance: +4 HDRS / 34% tHcy

Mood balance: less relapse

BMD ↑4.4% / fractures ↓76.7%

Bone resorption ↓33% / CTX

Better skin severity

Less itching/pain

Insulin resistance +26.7%

HbA1c −1.2%

Lactate/ammonia ↓