Butyrate

SCFA↓ butyrate↓

SCFA↑ pH↓

Acid/SCFA shifts, +10%

Bowel relief, pH↓

SCFA↑ constipation relief

SCFA↓ flare diarrhea

Butyrate↑ fatigue↓

SCFAs↑ energy↓

SCFA↑, UC inflammation↓

Butyrate↑, cytokines↓

Butyrate↑ immune markers

LPS/inflammation↓ butyrate↑

↑ Butyrate, glucose

↓ HbA1c / insulin

Butyrate↑, endotoxin↓

Stool frequency↑, LPS↓

Nutrient uptake ↑

Na+ absorption +

SCFA uptake ↑

Less bloating/gas, butyrate↑

Symptoms improve, gas↓

Butyrate↑ glucose↓

AUC−36 mg/dL

Weight loss +BMI

Fat loss +WC

Improved glucose/butyrate

Mood ↑ butyrate

Mood ↓ fatigue

Healed ulcers +78%

Lighter skin +13%

Attention +42%

Mood/clarity, sleep, HE