Glucomannan

↑ bowel movements

improved stool consistency

LDL, TC ↓

~7-32%

TG ↓

Weight loss +7.3%

Fat loss −19.4%

LDL/TC ↓ ~10-22%

Triglycerides/BP ↓

Bowel frequency +30%

Stool consistency, pain ↓

Gut bacteria, SCFAs ↑

Less hunger, more fullness

−20.7 hunger VAS

Slower emptying, less hunger

Lipids, glucose −22%

Weight/fat loss ~4kg

HbA1c, glucose ↓

Postmeal glucose/insulin ↓

Gut diversity ↑

Hunger ↓; fullness ↑

Appetite score +17.2

-47.6% symptoms

Bowel relief +

Lower toxic enzymes/bile acids

Symptom reduction -48%/-64%

Bowel function +27%

Gut microbes/SCFAs increased

HbA1c −0.38%