Akkermansia muciniphila

Gut barrier/metabolic ↑

Microbes/pH/SCFAs changes

Weight loss + insulin

Less appetite + fat

Weight/insulin ↓

Lipids/LPS ↓

A1c↓ glucose↓

Akkermansia↑ endotoxin↓

Inflammation↓ LPS

Cytokines↓ TGF‑β1↑

Akkermansia↑; LPS↓

Fat mass -

Body weight -

Insulin resistance -

AST -

Metabolites

Akkermansia, LDL-C -9.1%

LPS, small LDL

Fat oxidation + ketones

Muscle strength + VO2max

Cognition + A. muciniphila

SCFAs +42% / +38%

HRV, cognition +

Akkermansia/OEA: appetite -

OEA yogurt: appetite -

Akkermansia +19.3

Bowel symptoms +2.2/week

Immune markers ↓, +50% TGF-β1

MDRO/AMR burden ↓, A. muciniphila

Symptoms improved, no safety issues

Leg strength +follistatin

Myostatin unchanged