L-Histidine

Carnosine: +37–47%

Insulin resistance: −1.09

ImP: −39.9%

Immune markers +

Gum inflammation ↓

Infection/inflammation ↓

↓3MH, ↑nitrogen balance

↑carnosine, ↓fatigue

Oral inflammation -10%

Diarrhea burden reduced

Improved tendon/joint repair

Reduced inflammation and damage

Histidine ↓ insulin resistance

Carnosine ↓ glucose

BP ↓ histidine

Histidine digestibility +7%

Zn side effects ↓

Repair ↑ nitrogen +130

Histidine/UV protection improved

Muscle breakdown -27%

Fatigue/carnosine +37-47%

Mortality risk -11%

Metabolism/vision improvements

Digestive support: histidine digestion

Digestive support: bowel relief

Antioxidant markers +50%

Redox/oxidative stress changes

Growth support: improved N balance

Growth support: -11% ADG

Basophil loss; CCL2 +457%

Bowel movement faster; MTL/5-HT ↑

Pain −50–63%

Inflammation −24–47%

Fatigue ↓; alertness ↑

Cognition +0.21