Psyllium

Constipation relief + bowel frequency

−72pp constipation; +2 BM/week

Stool bulking + consistency

LDL -5–30%

Total cholesterol -3–10%

HDL/TG mixed

Frequencies + softer stools

Transit/volume +55%

LDL −30%; total −10%

BP −6 mmHg

Bulk + frequency

Transit -55%

Constipation symptoms + glucose/lipids

Weight/lipids ↓

Glucose/insulin ↓

Postmeal glucose ↓14-31%

Fasting glucose/HbA1c ↓

Postmeal insulin ↓12-36%

Less gas, slower transit

IBS relief, fewer symptoms

SCFAs↑; butyrate↑

Constipation relief; BMs↑

Weight -7.3%

+2.7 kg

Lower hunger, −17% intake

More fullness, +17.2 score

Hunger↓ Fullness↑

Intake↓ Glucose↓