Conjugated Linoleic Acid

fat ↓; lean ↑

BMI/body fat ↓

Lower fat mass

−8.7% fat mass

Slight muscle gain

Body fat ↓

Waist/fat ↓

LDL/TC down 2-7%

Triglycerides down, LDL/TC

Lower LDL, BP

HTN risk -34%

Lower TG, LDL

Higher energy use; +12%

More lean mass; +6%

Less fat synthesis

↓TNF-α/IL-1β

↓ESR/hsCRP

Glucose/insulin ↓

+27% ISI

HbA1c −0.5%

↓ T-cell activation

↑ IgA/IgM; ↓ cytokines

CLA: IL-1β↓, appetite↑

CLA: satiety↑, intake↓

Less pain, stiffness

Lower disease activity

Higher omega-3 status (+0.49%)

Better fatty-acid balance (-4.1)

Lower liver fat

Fat loss, growth ↓

↓ resorption, ↑ formation

IGF-1 changed