L-Carnitine

Heart injury/function: ↓ injury

Rhythm/autonomic: ↓ arrhythmias

Sperm quality, pregnancy

Erectile function, PDE5

Nerve pain +39%

Insulin resistance -48%

Liver enzymes -71%

↑ flow, walking

↓ BP, inflammation

Inflammation↓, immunity↑

Mortality↓, immunity↑

Endurance time +45%

Walking distance +73%

Fatigue ↓, cognition ↑

Exercise capacity ↑

Endurance/walking +11%

Fatigue/energy +40%

Ammonia/encephalopathy improved

ALT/liver function improved

Weight/fat loss

−4.6 kg

Improved satiety/metabolism

Mood: depression↓

Mood: anhedonia↓

Mood: fatigue↓

Memory/attention +

Mental fatigue -

+29% cognition

Attention/memory +significant

Fatigue/cognition +MMSE

Reaction time only

Lower glucose/insulin

Restored flexibility

+24% carnitine

Energy metabolism + cell protection

−55% glycogen use

Organ function, survival

Fatigue/cognition +MMSE

Muscle/fat/body comp

Muscle damage/soreness ↓

Pain/soreness ↓ 21.8%

Fat burn ↑; RQ↓

Fat mobilization ↑; ketones ↑

Fat mass ↓, muscle ↑

Recovery damage ↓

Recovery fatigue ↓