Blood sugar

HbA1c ↓, 0.5%

Postmeal glucose ↓

Insulin resistance ↓

Alanine↓ glucose↓

Alanine↑ glucose↑

Ketosis shifts alanine

K↓, glucose↓

insulin sensitivity↑, glucose↓

↓ HOMA-IR, glucose

↓ HbA1c, FPG

↓ insulin, +sensitivity

Lower glucose, better sensitivity

Higher glucose, worse sensitivity

Blood sugar ↓

Insulin sensitivity ↑

Lower glucose/HbA1c

Lower insulin resistance

Lower glucose/HbA1c

Better insulin resistance

Lower post-meal spikes

Post-meal glucose ↓

FPG/HbA1c ↓

Lower fasting glucose

HbA1c -0.83%

Lower glucose/insulin

Restored flexibility

+24% carnitine

Lower glucose, HOMA‑IR

+ glucose disposal

Butyrate↑ glucose↓

AUC−36 mg/dL

Lower glucose, HOMA-IR

−0.5 mmol/L FPG

Post-meal glucose, insulin

Lower glucose/HbA1c

Improve insulin resistance

Glucose↓ insulin↓

HbA1c↓ FPG↓

Post-meal glucose↓ insulin↓

PPG ↓ 18-39%

Insulin sens ↑; HbA1c ↓

FBG/2h glucose ↓

↑ insulin, ↓ glucose

↓ insulin resistance

Lower fasting glucose −27%

Better post‑meal glucose, insulin

↓ fasting/2h glucose

↔/↑ thiamine status

A1c↓ glucose↓

Akkermansia↑ endotoxin↓

Postmeal glucose ↓14-31%

Fasting glucose/HbA1c ↓

Postmeal insulin ↓12-36%

Fasting glucose ↓ ~9-12

HbA1c ↓ ~0.3-0.8%

Glucose ↓; insulin ↓1.43

Postmeal glucose ↓; insulin ↑

Insulin ↓, HOMA-IR ↓

Glucose ↓11.8 mg/dL

HbA1c ↓0.9%

Post-meal glucose ↓

HbA1c/FBS ↓

Lower post-meal glucose

↓ glucose/insulin peaks

More fermentation, lower HGP

Blood sugar ↓

HbA1c/FPG ↓

Lower fasting glucose

HbA1c -1.15%

Early insulin +100%

Glucose iAUC -61%

Diabetes incidence -41%

↓ glucose AUC

↑ insulin/GLP-1

−14% glucose AUC

Lower blood sugar

~ modest decrease

↓ Blood sugar

↓ Blood sugar -3.1%

↓ Blood sugar

Lower blood sugar

HbA1c -0.75%

Improved insulin sensitivity

Glucose/insulin ↓

+27% ISI

HbA1c −0.5%

↓ FPG, HbA1c

↓ PPG, GI

↓ FPG/HbA1c

↓ HOMA-IR / MG

Lower FPG/HbA1c (~20%, ~12%)

Lower FBS, insulin dose

Improved insulin resistance

Glucose↓, HOMA↓

HbA1c−1.1%

Glucose control −24 mg/dL

HbA1c −0.8%

Postprandial glucose −14%

↓ glucose spikes

↓ insulin response

Glucose ↓57%

Glucose ↓37%

Postmeal glucose ↓

Insulin timing ↑

HOMA-IR ↓ 21%

Blood sugar: GI −34%

Blood sugar: post‑meal glucose −16%

↓ insulin resistance

↓ fasting glucose −0.2 mmol/L

↑ GLP-1, SCFAs

↓ post-meal glucose

↓ fasting/HbA1c glucose

↓ insulin spikes

Blood sugar ↓

Blood sugar ↓ +1.25

Blood sugar ↔ HbA1c

Lower fasting glucose

Lower post-meal insulin

Lower fasting glucose, HbA1c

Lower insulin resistance ~30%

Higher GLP-1, lower glucose

HbA1c, glucose ↓

Postmeal glucose/insulin ↓

Gut diversity ↑

Glucose ↓; insulin ↓

-8% post-meal glucose

Insulin sensitivity +15%

Glucose, insulin AUC ↓

Fasting/post-meal sugar, HbA1c ↓

FBG −27 mg/dL, HbA1c −1.49%

Fasting glucose ↓; HbA1c −0.7%

Metabolic markers ↓; LDL ↓

Lower fasting glucose

Improved insulin resistance

Lower fasting glucose, HOMA (-11.7%)

Lower HbA1c, insulin resistance

Less sugar damage

↓AGEs; −2.45 CRP

Lower post-meal glucose

~10 mg/dL AUC↓

No glucose rise

-lower postmeal glucose

↓ HOMA-IR, ALT

↓ HOMA-IR, insulin

Fasting glucose -27%

Postprandial glucose -20%

Early insulin -33%

Glucose -1.3 mmol/L

HbA1c -0.4%

Insulin sensitivity +33%

Lower fasting glucose

Lower post-load glucose

Lower post-meal glucose

HbA1c -0.27%

BMI, visceral fat ↓

Subcutaneous fat no change

Lower fasting/postprandial glucose

−LDL, −insulin AUC

↓ insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)

↑ adiponectin (+20%)

Asprosin↓, MCP-1↓

Adiponectin↑, stronger with training

Glucose ↓ HbA1c −2.0

HOMA-IR ↓; BMI ↓

FBS -10.57 mg/dL

Lower blood sugar

Post-meal glucose↓

Insulin AUC↓

Lower glucose; better insulin sensitivity

↓ glucose AUC

Lower post-meal glucose

40g dose effect

Butyrate +17.4%

Insulin sensitivity ↑

Triglycerides ↓

Triglycerides/VLDL ↓

Carboxylase markers ↑

↓ insulin, −36.5%

↓ HOMA-IR, −0.8