Endurance

Iron stores +Hgb

Endurance +VO2

Hb maintained

+1.3 g/dL

Transfusion reduced -83%

Cognition/alertness +

ADHD symptoms +

Mood/euphoria +

↑ exercise tolerance

↓ angina/ischemia

Strength/power +10-30%

Less fatigue; water +1 kg

Pain/function ↓ ~75%

NSAID use ↓

Endurance +2.2 min

Buffering +6.4s/3.2s

Hydration +22 min

Endurance +3-51%

Power/RPE: improved

Endurance: +25.8% time

Endurance: +36% motor

Endurance: +1.97 ALSFRS-R

Endurance time +45%

Walking distance +73%

Ammonia↓, cognition↑

Recovery↑, stay↓

BCAA/Leu: better endurance

Lower fatigue, +performance

Endurance + walking

Fatigue + strength

GSH↑, TTE↑ +8.4%

Oxidative stress↓, performance↑

Endurance +24% TTE

Strength/lean mass gains

Glycogen sparing −19

Glucose↑,fat↓

ATP recovery↑

Blood flow/endurance +14%

Fatigue/muscle loss -14%

MPOD +10–35%

Contrast/vision faster, clearer

Walking +30-400%

LVEF +12%

Soreness/reaction improved

Endurance: ↑20%

Exercise tolerance: +30%

Walking endurance ↑

Altitude tolerance ↑

VO2max +6%

Power/time fatigue +11%

+36% fatigue

Endurance/NO kinetics

VO2/performance +5%

Blood pressure -9 mmHg

Fatigue/function improved

Performance/endurance +11%

Aerobic capacity +13%

Walk/endurance +6MWD

Muscle/lung endurance

Endurance: +22% work

Endurance: +16% work

Endurance: +1.4 g/dL Hb

Endurance +15%

Aerobic capacity +10.3%

Endurance capacity +14%

Exercise economy/strain reduced

Walking distance +32 m

Exercise capacity +10%

Symptoms/QoL improve

Cardiac workload lower

TTE/thresholds +13%

Power/endurance reps +22%

Exercise + recovery

Walking +33–69%

DHEA-S ↑, endurance +

Exercise + DHEA-S

+10% DHEA-S, endurance

VO2max, endurance +3–4%

RPE, fatigue ↓

Jump/power +7–15%

Strength/size + recovery

Endurance: VO2max/time

Endurance +20%

Oxygen use ↓

Recovery faster

Endurance +18.1 m

Muscle preservation +1,019 g

Endurance: +VO2max

Threshold/delay: +9.1% OBLA

Recovery: 24h work capacity

Faster, +power

Better fat use

Cognition, reaction time

+8.97 LOTCA

Attention, cognition

Weight/fat ↓

Stamina/alertness ↑

Cognitive vigilance +7.1pp

Memory/perception

Aerobic/threshold +20%; lactate −27%

Power +3.2% / +38W

Endurance↑ 6MWD/finish

Endurance↑ recovery

Endurance +muscle

VO2max +5-10%

Walk +33-61 m

Endurance: +21.6% VO2max

Endurance: +6MWD, stair-climb

Endurance: ammonia lower

Repeated sprint +4–21%

Short endurance +1–18%

Memory/cognition +58%

Daily function +4.6

Exercise tolerance +53s

Heart function/QoL +25.8

+28W, +1.8min endurance

Maintained sprint power

Better memory/attention

Less stress/fatigue

Aerobic endurance, VO2max

Work capacity, well-being

Recovery + blood counts

Arrhythmia markers -7.7 ms

Peak HR +11.9 bpm

Respiratory decline ↓ +6.27%

Inspiratory reserve ↑ +5.78%

Strength +7.7%

Lactate ↓

Knee strength +10.2Nm

Aerobic performance +VO2max

Power maintenance +7.3%

Lower O2 cost +25%

Longer time-to-exhaustion +22%

Pain/function +1.1,+3.1

Better VAS/global ratings

Endurance +11.6%

Lactate/HR improved

Recovery +4.8%

Strength preserved +1kg

Endurance +17%

NAD+ boost

Pain/walking improvement

Cognition, EEG improved

Sprint performance +23%

+65m VHIR

Recovery pH up

Growth + FCR improved

WBC +8%

VO2max; RPE

20 km -4%

Walk +18 m, +22 m

Satellite cells +11

Gait speed +0.4s

Mitochondrial genes up

Aerobic capacity +2.8

Fat burning +12.1%

Bone density +0.020

Fatigue loss −7.1 pp

Collagen damage −38%

Memory + cognition

Recall/recognition gains

Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory recovery

Fatigue/endurance +8.9%

Endurance +1.4%

Perceived effort -0.8

VO2max +8%

Fatigue/cognition improved

Emotional/autonomic improved

GSH restored, stress↓

Mito function↑

Muscle gain, lower cortisol

Fatigue ↓ early training

LDL, CRP, ET-1 −26–47%

Exercise tolerance improved

Sprint power + work

Fatigue, lactate, noradrenaline

+1.34 kg loss

Energy/sleep up

GI regularity improved

Levodopa exposure/ON +110%

+21.9% ON time

Motor/QoL similar, AEs +18.5%

Heart efficiency +LVEF

Lower fatigue