HMB

Lean mass +0.8–12.7%

Muscle loss −2.0 kg

Lean mass +2.55kg

Muscle loss -14%

Strength ↑; +4.6kg grip

Lean mass ↑; +1.2%

Power/function ↑; +21.5% jump

Muscle loss↓, strength↑

Mortality↓, recovery↑

Function↑, mass↑

Muscle/strength + function

Nutrition/weight + less mortality

Cardio-endothelial +27% FMD

↑Lean mass +3.0kg

↓Fat/VAT −93.8g

↑Strength/power +23%

Damage markers ↓, recovery ↑

Strength/function ↑, stay ↓

Strength/mobility +17%

Mass/weight gains

Hospital stay -4.3d

Strength/mobility +17%

Walk +47.6m

Strength/power +18%

Aerobic/endurance +9%

Recovery/damage markers

Endurance: +VO2max

Threshold/delay: +9.1% OBLA

Recovery: 24h work capacity

Less CK, soreness

Better strength recovery

Bone density/strength +6-28%

Bone density + strength