Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Protein anabolism +20%

Less catabolism; faster healing

Better strength/power

Protein balance +20%

Wound healing -30d

Fast graft closure +31d

Less protein breakdown

Nutrition↑, +127g

Wound healing↑, -16d

Healing faster: -30d

Less breakdown markers

Better nitrogen balance

GSH/vitamins +40%

Neopterin -30%

Acrylamide excretion ↑

Aerobic performance +VO2max

Power maintenance +7.3%

More appetite, weight, independence

QoL improved, lower costs

Bone resorption −37%

Bone thickness +21%

Lower injury, lactate

More α-KG, power