Nutrient uptake

↑25(OH)D, ↓PTH

↑Ca absorption, ↓PTH

Homocysteine ↓32%

Betaine ↑38%

Uptake ↑ beta-carotene +10x

Retinol stores ↑ 6.6x

More amino acid uptake

+B12/DHA/iron uptake

Phytase: P +14–24pp

Digestive enzymes: uptake ↑

AA uptake +35%

Arginine levels rise

Nitrogen balance improves

↑ Iron absorption +2-5x

↑ Hb/ferritin

Iron absorption +45–51%

Calcium absorption +5–13%

Nutrient uptake unchanged

Uptake ↑ flow

Uptake ↓ resistance

Selenium status ↑; uptake markers

Insulin/HOMA-IR ↓; uptake markers

Vitamin E uptake ↑

Fat-soluble uptake ↓

Nutrient uptake ↑

Na+ absorption +

SCFA uptake ↑

Absorption↓; LDL↓

+13–47% uptake↓

↑ IgG, uptake

↓ permeability, better absorption

↑ protein/AA, uptake

Better iodine uptake

Iron/vitamin status +

Glucose/insulin ↑ uptake

HbA1c/FBS ↓ uptake

TG/NEFA ↓ uptake

Absorption +56%

Hb/ferritin ↑

Permeability ↓

Choline/betaine ↑ uptake

+plasma choline betaine

Better fat absorption

Higher plasma Lys +13 AAs

Lower digestible Lys -31%

Iron markers +9

+57 pp anemia

B2 status/iron stores

Iron uptake ↑, Cu-regulated

Hb/Fe status ↑, uptake

Absorption ↑ at 4-6:1

Iron status ↑

B2/Fe deficiencies ↓

Ca absorption +8%

Vit D/markers

Isoflavones +38/+91%

ATP/flow ↑, lactate ↓

+60% ATP, -42% lactate

Amino acid absorption ↓

Mg/Zn absorption ↑

Better uptake +85%

Occlusion/clearance 80–90%

Iron uptake +

Choline/DHA uptake +

Carnitine uptake +21%

Fat use -55%

Cord uptake enriched

↑ eggs/tissues

↓ blood B5 -85%

↑ plasma B5 +1250%

Absorption/barrier + glutamine

Nitrogen balance/weight +

Biotin status ↑, deficiency markers ↓

Catabolites ↑; uptake ~100%

Bile acids ↑851 mg/d

LDL glucose ↓5–30%

P,Ca uptake↑

Zn uptake↑

↑Arg/NO uptake

+1840 citrulline

Gut perfusion/ injury

Boosted uptake/absorption

Reduced iron uptake

Feed efficiency +4.2%

Swallow safety PAS ↓

Substance P ↑

Increased uptake +120%

Reduced ALT -8 U/L

Iron↓, Ca/Mg↔

Hb↑, anemia↓

Carotenoid absorption +2.35x

Lutein status +25%

OxLDL −8.8%

Absorption/excretion ↑

+100% bioavailability

Deficiency markers ↓

Protein metabolism +

Cholestasis -18.2%

Weight gain +0.22

Copper uptake -82%

Copper status ↑

Better uptake: ADG↑

Efficiency gain: FCR↓

Growth/FCR + sig

WBC +8%

Carotenoids uptake +4.8x

Drug bioavailability +170%

Glucose/oxidative stress improved

Fat uptake +14.4%

LC-PUFA +57.1

Bioavailability 76-95%

AA availability +30-40%

Blood flow/FMD ↑

Fast uptake, tiny excretion

Gut bacteria ↑, enzyme ↓

Fiber digestibility +

Microbiota shift, coliforms -