Appetite suppression

Satiety/intake ↓

Glucose/hormones ↓

Weight ↓

Ephedrine: -2.2kg + app.

LDX/PHEN: appetite -3.1%

Nicotine ↓ hunger; +1.7 kg

Nicotine gum/patch ↓ weight

Whey/AA ↑ satiety hormones

Trp/Phe ↓ intake 10-20%

GLP-1↑ hunger↓

Amino acids↔ satiety↑

Insulin/gastric emptying↓ appetite↓

Satiety +19% intake↓

Hunger/fullness improved

Energy intake −18%

Delayed emptying +80.9%

More weight loss +3.4 kg

Improved satiety

Satiety hormones ↓ intake

5‑HTP/Trp suppress appetite

HP breakfast, −20% ghrelin

High protein, fuller, less hunger

Beef/protein, slight satiety gain

Satiety hormones up

Ghrelin down, intake ↓

CCK/GLP-1 boost

Appetite ↓, +SQ

Cravings/Binge ↓

CCK/GLP-1 ↑ satiety

Intake ↓ 44 kcal

DMI/satiety ↑ ~7%

Hunger/cravings ↓

Glucose control ↑

Hunger↓; no intake

GLP-1/PYY↑; hunger↓

Satiety↑; hunger↓

Satiety/fullness +10%

Hunger/intake -257 kcal/day

satiety ↑, intake ↓

reward response ↓

Appetite↓, CR 77%

Appetite↓, hunger↓

Appetite↓, score↓

More weight loss, less regain

Hormone shifts, −3.6kg, −5cm

Modest fat loss, −2.8lb

Lower hunger, −17% intake

More fullness, +17.2 score

Akkermansia/OEA: appetite -

OEA yogurt: appetite -

L‑Phe ↓ intake ~31%

Whey/Phe ↑ satiety; ↓ hunger

Sweet desire -42%

Pleasantness/liking ↓

Chocolate intake -0.5 bar

Leucine/AA ↑ satiety, CCK

Whey/BCAA ~13% intake ↓

Hunger ↓; fullness ↑

Appetite score +17.2

Satiety ↑; intake ↓

Fullness ↑; hunger ↓

Hunger ↓, waist −2.7cm

Calories ↓229 kcal/day

Slower emptying, more satiety

−112 kcal intake

Delayed emptying, −16% intake

Boosted satiety, −5.1 kg

GLP-1 ↑, DPP-4 ↓

Weight −4.7 kg

CLA: IL-1β↓, appetite↑

CLA: satiety↑, intake↓

Weight loss, snacking ↓

Greater weight loss; fewer snacks

Hunger↓ Satiety↑

Snack intake↓

↓ hunger, PFC

no intake/weight change

Fullness ↑

Blood glucose/BMI ↓

Fullness, -17% fat

Lower lunch intake

Lower hunger, −488 kJ

Blunted glucose spikes, ~−73%

↑ hunger, ↓ satiety

↓ pressure, ↓ appetite

Satiety +23%

Insulin -37%

PYY +2.5x