Muscle maintenance

Strength/mass +25(OH)D

Falls/function ↓; +25(OH)D

LBM/CSA +4.1kg

Biceps size gain

No effect vastus

Strength/mg +1.02

Muscle relaxation +20%

MPS +0.07%/h

Strength/mass +0.4kg

Fat loss/maintenance

Anabolism +70%

Lean mass +1.2%

Strength ↑

Anabolism +MPS

Proteolysis ↓ balance

+2d N balance

Muscle K+/pump changes

-48.5% pump

Lean mass +2.55kg

Muscle loss -14%

Amino acids + insulin

MPS/NB +9-50%

ATP/energy preserved

Strength/mass up

Muscle sparing +N balance

Carnosine/power gains

Antioxidant defense + muscle

Oxidative damage - strength

GSH/CK + muscle mass

Muscle size +5-15%

Strength/RTD gains similar

Lean mass +4kg

Muscle strength +10%

Muscle loss -1kg

Protein balance +MPS

Leucine delivery +28%

↓3MH, ↑nitrogen balance

↑carnosine, ↓fatigue

Weight maintenance, +2.6

Lower wasting risk, 0.66

Muscle strength loss ↓

Collagen synthesis ↑ +94%

Lean mass +1.2 kg

Fat loss, muscle sparing

FSR ~48%

Muscle loss −3.5%

Strength loss −9.7%

Protein balance +38.3

Muscle breakdown ↓

IGF-I, strength +15%

Lean mass +0.9 kg

DHEA +34%

Strength, lean mass +5.9%

Anabolic signaling, hormones

Muscle damage ↓

Strength +11%

Carnosine↑, fatigue↓

Power/endurance +2-14%

Walk +18 m; cells +11

Treadmill/time and satellite cells

Muscle maintenance: HGS +0.8 kg

Muscle maintenance: gait speed +0.07 m/s

Amino acids + weight

Serine preservation, synthesis

Lean mass gains

Iron import ↓; hepcidin ↑1.5x

Se status ↑