Collagen

Resorption ↓45%, formation ↑23%

BMD ↑6–10%, resorption ↓

Pain/lameness -

Collagen breakdown ↑

Bone/cartilage repair +

Healing rate +56%

Scar control +32pp

Collagen synthesis +69x

Wrinkles/hydration +40%

Scar closure 32→47%

Elasticity/collagen +17%

Bone health: BMD +8%

Skin aging: wrinkles -20%

Fracture risk: -33%

Pain/function +40%

Mobility/flexion +3.23°

Pain/function improved

Cartilage breakdown markers ↓

Hydration↑ TEWL↓

Hydration +28%

Fat loss/body contour

Skin thickening/firming

Muscle size +5-15%

Strength/RTD gains similar

Lean mass +4kg

Bone/metabolic ↑

Strength/healing ↑

Digestive symptoms +44.5%

Inflammation/relapse 65%→26%

Collagen synthesis ↑

Recovery soreness ↓

Hair growth +1.01

Tolerability unchanged