Protein source

Amino acids/insulin↑

Digestion/satiety/growth

Serine ↑ amino acids

Serine ↓ digestibility

Serine ↔/↓ disease

Protein synthesis/retention

Alanine transport/levels

↑Gln, ↓catabolism

Protein gain, +25% Gln

Protein gain +BCAA

Protein breakdown -BCAA

Anabolic +AA uptake

Cholesterol/BP ~-5%

Whey ↑AA/MPS

Casein slower AA

BCAA rises, protein gain

1. Isoleucine up

2. Weight/anabolism up

LDL/total cholesterol ↓

Protein digestibility ↓

Protein quality high

Muscle gains equal

Muscle +19%; fatigue

BP −8.9/−5.8 mmHg

Glucose lower vs carb