Pregnancy support

Hb/ferritin ↑, anemia↓

+0.7 g/dL Hb

Maternal, neonatal support

Pregnancy support: NTD/birthweight↓

Counseling: folate use↑ +26.5pp

Knowledge+uptake +26.5pp

Defects −47% / −36%

Hb/folate +10%

Bigger babies, longer gestation

Affects preterm risk

Mostly no direct support

DHA/omega-3 blood status

Preterm birth + growth

Maternal+cord 25OHD

↑24.6 nmol/L; +48pp

Infant growth/bone

Hypertensive risk ↓, BP↓

Birth/preterm benefits, +240g

Low iodine status -80%

Supplementation raises UIC +46

Pregnancy support: B12, folate

+23.8% pregnancies

Maternal status, lower anemia

Nausea relief

Birth weight +10%

Blood pressure -38%

Se status ↑, pregnancy outcomes

~20% lower complications

Antioxidants/GPx ↑, glucose↓

Pregnancy choline↑, carnitine↓

Placental/fetal markers shifted

Pregnancy HTN −38%

Anemia/birthweight improved

Higher ALA/DHA status

~+10% pregnancy growth

Maternal K raises milk/baby levels

Reduces PIVH by ~20%

Pregnancy: ↑ birth weight

Pregnancy: ↓ anemia/deficiency

Pregnancy: +10% birth weight

Copper: liver stores +

Vitamin A/D: liver -

Pregnancy DHA up +4.1

Glucose/inflammation down, complications reduced

Umbilical DHA +23%

Pregnancy needs ↑ biotin

Lactation excretion ↑69-76%

Supplementation lowers 3-HIA

Milk volume +20%

Earlier birth-weight regain

Day-7 milk boost

Milk volume +

Fullness faster