Hydration

Phosphate ↓2.0 mg/dL

Na/K shifts

Water retention +7%

K loss: diuresis

K loss: +0.7

K retention: +0.3

Dryness relief + hydration

Tear stability, staining

Higher serum Mg

Lower Mg loss

Hydration↑, urine↓

Plasma volume↑, endurance↑

TBW/ICW +0.5–2.3L

Lean mass +1–6%

Renal protein loss −81%

Kidney function preserved

Dry mouth +1.2

Diarrhea duration -49%

Hydration +1.6 AU

TEWL -0.7 AU

Better hydration, -TEWL

Dry-skin hydration +2.3

Better hydration, collagen

Swelling ↓ day2

Mouth opening ↑73%

Gut fluid/salt absorption

Less edema/water retention

+3-fold absorption

Gastric emptying ~70 min

Residuals baseline by 60 min