Joints & tendons

Pain/lameness -

Collagen breakdown ↑

Bone/cartilage repair +

Joints: pain/function +30%

Tendons: gliding −friction

Cartilage: biomarker ↓

Collagen breakdown ↓

Pain/function ↑

JSN/erosion ↓

Cartilage loss −4%

Pain/function improved

Bone/cartilage +31%

Pulp healing +34pp

Collagen synthesis +55%

Wound healing +61%

Collagen synthesis +100%

Skin/wound healing -24%

Joints: ↓JSN ~0.25mm

Tendons: no clear data

Joint pain −27%

Exam score −43%

Improved tendon/joint repair

Reduced inflammation and damage

Collagen synthesis ↑

Healing/inflammation ↓

Skin barrier + hydration

-6.9 days healing

Periodontal pocket depth

Healing time -6d

Healing score better

Disc volume +740 mm³

Pain/function no change

Copper: +9% collagen

Minerals: linear bone/growth