Strength

Iron markers +59%; Hb

Exercise/functional gains +6.9%

Frailty/Walking +0.7

Strength/Muscle +5–15%

MPS/lean mass +

Strength/function +

Lean mass + strength

+1RM, +4kg LBM

CSA + strength

Strength +1RM

Strength + sprint power

Strength ↑; +4.6kg grip

Lean mass ↑; +1.2%

Power/function ↑; +21.5% jump

Strength +5-15%

Strength +20 kg

Strength +31%

Strength gains

Strength +46kg

Recovery/hormones +11.7%

Strength: +11% power

Strength: +37% gain

NO/flow ↑; +54%

Strength/endurance mixed; +52.9%

BP ↓; −9.3%

Strength +24% ATP

Power +8% creatine

Collagen synthesis +100%

Wound healing, +20%

Bone turnover, -45%

Strength +14–38%

Strength +18%

Strength/power +4-15%

VO2/BP/lactate shifts

Nitrate biomarkers ↑

Strength +25 N, +5.4%

Training synergy +15%

Power/endurance +37%

Sprint/jump gains +15%

Endurance up +60.8 m

Strength up +12%

Recovery markers down

Improved nerve signs

Grip +1.2kg

No pain/function change

Disc volume +740 mm3

PG signaling ↑

IL-6/MuRF-1 ↓

GSH restored; strength ↑

Oxidative stress↓; strength ↑

Bench +3.3 kg

Leg curl up

Bench +10.8 kg

Testosterone preserved