Vitamin A

Skin repair +11-fold

Acne/lesions ↓

Gut permeability ↓0.17→0.50

Immune markers +13%

+T cells 12%

Dark vision +11.8%

Vitamin A status↑

Skin clearer, less acne

Wrinkles/pigment improved, irritation lower

Vitamin A status + growth

Anemia/mortality −15%

Wrinkles/pigment improved

Cancer risk down

+31% photodamage

Gut barrier ↓ leakiness

Gut inflammation ↓ infection

Lower skin inflammation

-45% MMP-9

Less acne irritation

Respiratory infections ↓, BPD ↓

Pneumonia / cough ↓

Hospital stay ↓, FEV1 ↑

Thicker, less pigmented skin

Less irritation, better tolerance

Oxidation↓; A/E↑

β-carotene↑; retinol↔

Hb/retinol ↑

Anemia ↓

Growth/fatigue ↑

Skin repair +28 pp

Healing speed improved

Oxidative stress ↓

Retinoic signaling ↑4x