Spermidine

Hair growth ↑

AK lesions −24%

Skin polyamines ↓

Polyamines up in gut

Transit/function changes

Colorectal risk biomarker shift

vascular/cognitive +

antioxidant/autophagy +

Autophagy/BDNF +7–13%

Detox markers −21–27%

Brain + memory

Autophagy + inflammation

Endothelial function +0.31

Nitric oxide, spermidine

Endothelium +RHI 0.31

Nitric oxide, spermidine

Cognition +6.25

Memory +0.17

Memory +0.17

Cognitive score +6.25

BDNF +12.1%

Anti-inflammatory −21% CRP

Oxidative defense +Nrf2

Lower TNF-α/ROS

CRP −20.8%