Echinacea

Faster, shorter colds

Fewer, milder colds

Faster symptom recovery

Duration −3 days

Fewer illness episodes

NK/cytokines ↑

Infections/colds ↓

Cough/throat better

−2 days recovery

Sore throat −65mm

Shorter cough/cold

Less RTI days

Immune boost, stress protection

Less illness, shorter duration

Cold relief, fewer infections

Wellbeing up, anxiety unchanged

↓IL-6/IL-8, SCORAD

↓CRP −10.5 mg/L

↑ Cold-symptom clearance

↑ RTI days -47%

Collagen, elasticity up

MDA down

Elasticity+collagen, MDA↓

Barrier lipids+eczema↓

Collagen + MDA

IL-6/IL-8, SCORAD

Properdin +21%

Vitality scores improved