PQQ

Antioxidant ↑ TAC, GSH

Lipid peroxidation ↓ MDA/8-isoprostane

Memory +14%

Attention/flow

Memory/attention +

+14.4% BDNF

Prefrontal blood flow +

Growth + yield

MDA ↓

Mito marker ↑

Attention + memory

PFC blood-flow +10%

Processing speed/flexibility

Brain health +14%

Memory/cognition improved

Mitochondrial ↑; fatigue unchanged

Performance no change

BDNF, NAA +8.6%

Orientation +22.2%