Alcohol

Pleasure boost / crave

Anhedonia relief −5%

+Social disinhibition

↓ anxious stress; +10–29%

↓ withdrawal/craving; fewer anxious days

Relaxation +22%

Sedation/relief -

Risky driving confidence +speed

Disinhibition & aggression

Sedation +41–98%

Sleep onset +6–32s

Reward↓, intake↓

Leptin↓, intake↑

Gastric emptying↓, intake↑

Gut bacteria/SCFAs

+ favorable

Gastric emptying ~+96% delay

+RAT insight, ↓2-back gain

↑ writing, ↑ graffiti