Sleep onset

sleep onset -30m

phase advance +2h

duration +10h

Sedation/memory worsened

Sleep onset shortened

Sedation +41–98%

Sleep onset +6–32s

Sleep onset, +43 min TST

Sleep onset, -3.1 PSQI

Trp↑, latency↓

Melatonin↓, onset worsen

Latency ↓ ~49%

Duration/Efficiency ↑

Faster sleep onset

Longer sleep +45min

Better sleep quality

Sleep onset/sleep −2.9 ISI

Sleep disturbance −38%

Sleep onset improved p<0.05

Sleep quality ↑

Sleep latency ↓

Insomnia onset improved

Psychological symptoms +better sleep

Anxiety ↓79%, sleep onset

Fatigue, sleep onset better